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Starts Wednesday: A Year in the Life of a Movie Palace
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The Last Day

4/28/2015

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PictureLife Magazine photo of Gloria Swanson in the ruins of the Roxy when it was torn down.
We left the St. George Theater in March, 1977 — inevitably, a Wednesday.  

The stage from that point onward went dark, as did all the theater’s 2672 seats — at least the ones that hadn’t been busted up by some of our more reckless patrons. From time to time erstwhile entrepreneurs tried their hands at filling the gorgeous Spanish Baroque space — a flea market, a roller rink--but the theater would remain largely abandoned for almost thirty years, surviving a fire with — thanks to its fire curtain — hardly any damage, and coming perilously close, on several occasions, to demolition. Demolition, often preceded by abandonment, has been the fate of so many great old theaters — and other things too.

Try Googling “abandoned,” some time and see what you find. My personal preference happens to be abandoned movie palaces ( see afterthefinalcurtain.net) for its chilling images of wrecked domes, cobwebbed velvet seats and warped stages),  but you might also find, among so many sites, a hospital-as-wildlife-sanctuary (on New York City’s uninhabited North Brother Island),  an abandoned Shaker colony (in West Union [Busro], Indiana), even something called “Mariner’s Marsh,” (a deserted industrial site/wildlife sanctuary/murder site, with a sunken ship graveyard nearby, in Staten Island). At the risk of citing my own community too many times, might I add Staten Island’s laudable grassroots organization, “Friends of Abandoned Cemeteries,” which has rescued twelve local — and in most cases historic--burial grounds from an accumulation of weeds, rusting cars, refrigerators, vandalism and toxic waste.

Waste. In a landscape dotted with discarded styrofoam cups, it’s still hard to get your head around why buildings are thrown away too — abandoned or torn down. A lot of other people must agree, given the interest in abandonedusa.com, a site which is browsable by state.

Staten Island shares a harbor with Manhattan and Brooklyn, its sister boroughs.  On the Brooklyn side, Loew’s Kings, one of the five “Wonder Theaters” of the greater NYC area, has made a heroic comeback as the Kings Theatre, after years of neglect. 1977 was the year we lost the St. George. In that same year, with a last showing of "Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth" in late August 1977, the Kings (which, like the St. George, opened in 1929) closed its doors. It was still remarkably intact. But the thirty years that followed — of water damage and vandalism, including at least one live shoot-out--required dedication and major post-millennial bucks (more than 93.9 million) to set things right. If the Kings hadn’t been, from 1979 onward, the property of New York City itself, it likely would not have survived. It was blessed, as Harlem’s Apollo, saved in 1981 by Percy Sutton and a group of supporters — was also blessed. The St. George, after our departure and thirty years of darkness, was, remarkably, spared and saved, thanks to the heroic efforts of a local family, Mrs. Rosemary Cappozalo (deceased), in league with her daughters, Luanne Sorrrentino and Doreen Cugno. Scores of other theaters weren’t so fortunate, though many had valiant groups of citizens, rallying to prevent demolition.

Here’s to the RKO Albee in Cincinnati (demolished, despite considerable protest in 1977, the year we lost the St. George), and how about the Boyd Theater in Philadelphia (recently taken down, despite a passionate fight by Friends of the Boyd, in 2014)? Or the Garrick Theater in Chicago (an opera house designed, in part, by Louis Sullivan, demolished in 1960). The Paramount in Los Angeles — aka Grauman’s Metropolitan — was said to be the largest movie theater ever built in that city — quite a brag (dismantled in 1961). I’ll let New York’s Roxy take the last bow, whose demolition at least made the cover of Life, in 1960, with an elegant gowned Gloria Swanson standing in its ruins (see the photo, above).  


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A Steady Stream of Light

4/21/2015

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Picture"Oculus artificialis teledioptricus" by Johannes Zahn (1685), a drawing of various camera obscura devices.
This blog is dedicated, as always, to The St. George Theatre, a grand movie palace in St. George, Staten Island, which I helped to run in 1976.

Last Saturday (in celebration of the upcoming International Pin-hole Camera Day (April 26), I made a pinhole camera at a workshop at the Alice Austen Museum here in Staten Island. Cameras have been around a lot longer than you might think. Primitive versions of them may well have aided Vermeer and other artists of the seventeenth century to see or paint using a projected image, making those painters, in one sense, early photo-realists. Camera obscura. “Camera” is Italian for “room” — a small dark (“obscura”) box with a hole in it that presents an image. Add light-sensitive material to that box —film, for example — and you’ve got my home-made pinhole camera, and the basis for all the other cameras that existed before the digital age, including an old Canon F-1 I had, and, of course, movie cameras of all varieties. But the age of direct exposure is behind us.

Just as most people take pictures with their cell-phone cameras or more sophisticated digital cameras, movie directors, with some rare exceptions, don’t actually “film” anymore. That word is as obsolete as “dial” in reference to making calls.

At the St. George Theatre in 1976, we dwelt entirely in the pre-digital age. Arriving by special courier each Wednesday afternoon, the movie or movies of the week resided in a set of heavy octagonal steel canisters that had to be toted by usher-power, which is to say by hand, up the six flights to the projection booth. There, one of our regular projectionists — or if we were very lucky, our friend Bob Endres, the then-head of projection at Radio City, who liked to take the occasional relief shift — would open the boxes and extract the platter-like reels of film one at a time, to be loaded into our two carbon arc projectors. Each reel in its turn was then threaded past a gate through which the light from the expensive  carbons burning in our Century/Ashcraft projectors — a literal fire — would shine. The film had “perfs” (perforations) or “sprocket holes” running down each edge — another term as obsolete as “dial” or “film” itself. Without these holes, the film would never have passed in orderly fashion, at 24 frames per second, through the projector head’s gate, creating the illusion of movement on our movie screen, nearly a city block away.

So much was done painstakingly, “by hand,” that these days passes effortlessly through space and time. In working cinemas, films are four-ounce hard drives (compared to the old 120 pounds of film and reels), and projectors are large electronic machines, standing in a corridor, capable of working at multiple frame rates while being monitored remotely. It’s all digital:  “film speed” is a term about as relevant as “horse power.” When the “film” arrives via mail or FedEx,  it hardly requires a couple of strong young men to carry to a little room that need not contain a dedicated projectionist.

The new digital technology is extremely convenient, but there are drawbacks. What if the system crashes? As one exhibitor noted,

"I know how to tear apart a 35-millimeter projector, clean it and put it back together. I have no idea what's going inside of that black monolith. When you have a problem and it goes down, you lose the rest of the night. Before, with an Allen wrench and a rubber band, I could usually get it going for the next show." (Tim League, founder of the Alamo Drafthouse chain of theaters)

So much for effortless projection!

The only thing that remains, while it remains, is the theater itself, a “camera obscura” — dark room —which, if you follow the analogy, would make the port through which the movie passes a kind of pinhole. It’s still all about light.

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Projectionist

4/14/2015

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PicturePhoto of Bob Endres. Source: www.majesticshows.com
A hot day in June, 1976. Jaws was on the marquee, and I was cleaning the poster cases, preparing to mount that classic shot of the shark, rising to attack a clueless swimmer.  On the other side of the foyer, Dean, my husband and partner in our desperate venture of running the St. George Theatre, was working the box office, making  a few phone calls. A tall mustachioed man came through the center door and cut a diagonal path straight to the small barred window. In a quiet voice, he inquired,

 “Is it possible for me to see the manager?” 

“You’re  lookin’ at him,” Dean quipped.

They were instant friends.

“I’m a projectionist,” the stranger offered.

“We already have two, one worse than the other...” Dean replied. “The union gets to pick them...”

“Well, said the man, rising to his full height, “I’m a union projectionist too, the Chief Projectionist at Radio City Music Hall, as a matter of fact.”

(Radio City, the palace of all movie palaces. We referred to it as “high church.” Now here was the Bishop!)

“My name is Robert Endres,” the stranger continued, offering his hand through the bars. “All I want to do is look at your theater. I admire old theaters — collect them in my head...”          

By this time, I’d closed the poster case and was standing next to a new friend. After a round of introductions, Dean called for somebody to staff the box office, and we joined Bob for a tour of our 2672-seat palace, a little less than half the size of the theater he called home.

From time to time in the scatter-shot year we occupied the St. George, Bob would come to visit us a few times, managing — to our mutual delight — to take a fill-in shift for one of our projectionists. Bob used white gloves to handle film:  most of the projectionists we’d suffered to pay barely washed their hands.

Over the thirty-nine years that have passed since we ran the theater, we lost track of Bob, but, thanks to the remarkable coincidence of a mutual dentist on the Upper West Side, we’re friends again with the world’s most fastidious projectionist. 

“We’re a vanishing breed,” Bob says, by which he doesn’t mean fastidious projectionists, but all projectionists.

As meticulous about the detail he finds in a person’s blog as he has always been about running a booth, Bob recently pointed out a major flaw in one of my earlier posts. If you’re interested in an explanation of what we actually had in the booth (not Strong Mogul Carbon Arcs, as I had thought, but Century/Ashcraft), go to “The Magic Cave” (7/22/2014), where you’ll find my friend’s authentic description of the working aspects of that booth — the tiny room that sat atop our theater world — almost forty years ago. I was wrong, and I stand delightfully corrected! He oughta know — he lit the carbons that shone the light.


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Going to the Movies to Keep Cool

4/7/2015

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Picture
Tampa Theatre, 1942 The Tampa Theatre was the first business in Tampa to have air-conditioning. Credit: TampaPix.com
“The general public — those not privy to the few luxurious hotels and cars that used cooling systems early on — often first encountered air-conditioning in movie theaters, which started to widely use the technology in the 1930s. Before the window unit's heyday, Carrier produced a system for theaters that cost between $10,000 and $50,000. It was one of the few things proprietors sprung for during the Great Depression, and theaters were one of the rare places where the hoi polloi could enjoy chilly, artificial air.”    — Time, from Brief History:  Air Conditioning, by Katy Steinmetz

I never saw the original Frankenstein, in a theater, but in June 1976, I came close to experiencing what it might have been like to be in that movie, to witness Dr. Frankenstein’s gigantic machine — the one that brings the monster, Boris Karloff, to life — first-hand. That was the day we started up the St. George Theatre’s ancient fifteen-foot tall air conditioner, after paying a small ransom to some refrigeration experts, to get it fixed. If the doctor’s machine gave life to a monster, we gave life — or at least air that was breathable — to our own monstrous movie palace, and just in time for the matinee. 

You pulled the handle of a switch on the wall. Like everything electrical in the theater, it crackled and shot out sparks, completing a circuit that involved ten or twelve giant (Buss) fuses — each about the size of a cigar. Something in the belly of the beast began to crank, and a noise not unlike that of a jet engine commenced. The whole thing rumbled — the cement room actually shook — then there were two more slaps, and a bang. The compressor was finally  engaged. More wheezing, rumbling, churning, then  a constant thrum. Whew! We had all somehow lived and the theater would be cool by showtime. Amazingly, no one in the auditorium or anywhere outside the little room with the mighty machine, ever heard the unit itself.

We knew how important cool air was. Only seven years earlier, I had been, not an operator, but a patron of the very same theater, and my motivation to go to summer movies had everything to do with staying cool. In 1970, fewer than 36% of all American households had air conditioning. Arriving in Staten Island in 1969 with one fan — which broke after a single torrid week — we kept cool by riding the ferry, but then what was there to do?  

From the marquee of the St. George Theater — then run by our predecessors, the Fabian chain — hung a delightful banner, with fake white icicles for tassels, and the frosted words AIR CONDITIONED in blue on a white ground. You could stand outside and feel the blasts of cool air coming from the lobby. That first time, we bought tickets to The Sterile Cuckoo, not the best movie I’ve ever seen, but did it matter?  We were cool and in the dark, better than our basement apartment, where a piece of paper dropped and not picked up immediately adhered itself to the floor in a permanent way.

When we took over the theater, we found the blue and white banner I’d seen hanging from the marquee seven years before, as well as an older one, from the 1930’s that read REFRIGERATED. With Depression-era audiences, many of whom had never been in an air-cooled room, theater operators had to  get right to the point.

Who, in any of the audiences that attended the St. George, from its opening in 1929 through our brief year of 1976, knew that the cool air came from something as terrifying as Dr. Frankenstein’s machine?  Or — and this is the other thing the system reminded me of — the machine rooms in Fritz Lang’s early sci-fi film, Metropolis. Those machines exploded: our air conditioner, thankfully never did.    



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    Victoria Hallerman

    Author

    Victoria Hallerman is a poet and writer, the author of the upcoming memoir, Starts Wednesday: A Day in the Life of a Movie Palace, based on her experience as a movie palace manager of the St. George Theatre, Staten Island, 1976. As she prepares her book manuscript for publication, she shares early aspects of theater management, including the pleasures and pain of entrepreneurship. This blog is for anyone who enjoys old movie theaters, especially for those who love the palaces as they once were. And a salute to those passionate activists who continue to save and revive the old houses, including the St. George Theatre itself. This blog is updated every Wednesday, the day film always arrived to start the movie theater week.

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