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​What’s Behind the Movie Screen?

1/11/2017

7 Comments

 
Picture
At the St. George Theatre — a 2672-seat movie palace I was involved in running in the nineteen seventies — it was a real kick to go backstage behind the screen when the movie was running. You could do this and actually look at the audience looking at the movie! — while the audience couldn’t see you. That’s because the screen, a huge piece of heavy white material stretched on a giant frame over thirty feet wide and twenty feet tall, was perforated, with tiny pin-sized holes to let sound from the speakers travel more naturally from backstage to the audience. It wasn’t silver at all, as early motion picture screens apparently had been, with actual silver embedded in their surfaces. Designed to accept CinemaScope, our screen had a good “gain”  — or reflectivity — and was probably “pearlescent.” Blacks came across as very dark gray, and the overall image was bright — except where a long-ago patron had spattered something strawberry colored on the lower left quadrant. 

The screen curved slightly outward at the left and right edges. I always thought the curve had something to do with wrapping the audience in light, and I was partially right. A flat screen makes light travel farther to its corners, encouraging a slightly distorted image, the so-called “pincushion effect.” Godzilla battled Megalon on our screen with no distortion, and the strawberry stain was hardly evident once the movie was underway.
 
Everything I know about the screen and screens in general, I have learned in retrospect. Back in 1976, we were just trying to stay alive, relieved if more than a few hundred people paid money to sit in the dark and watch the movie, and grateful that we had a screen at all. Although we could hardly afford a new one, our buddy, the head projectionist (Cinema Paradiso Is His Favorite Movie) at Radio City Music Hall — then primarily a movie theater — conspired briefly to get a “used” screen for us at no charge. Radio City traditionally replaced its pristine screen annually. Theirs was better than twice the size of ours. However, our stint at the St. George didn’t last long enough to take advantage of this bargain.
 
Little did our audience know that, while they were watching, all sorts of antics were going on backstage. Each night an usher went into the shadows behind the screen to engage two switches: one to bring up the red and blue footlights and another to light the house sconces, as the film ended. Leroy — scrawny, barely 5’ 4” and 120 pounds — was always reluctant to go into the dark, even if only a comedy was showing. One night during the last reel of The Exorcist, it fell to a reluctant Leroy to do this duty. One exorcising priest was already dead and another would soon hurl himself from a window, possessed by the Devil. Add all of this to the soundtrack of tubular bells — indeed creepy. Unbeknownst to Leroy, Cheri, a bit of the devil already in her, lurked in the shadows, stage right. As he approached, she pushed a flashlight beneath her chin and rasped out, “I willlllllll possess you!”
 
The blood-curdling scream and pounding footsteps that came easily through the perforated screen, probably seemed just one more chilling movie sound effect to folks still seated in the house. Who knows if some long–ago patron of ours hasn’t downloaded the movie recently and wondered as the credits rolled, Wasn’t there a last scream?


Picture
Flashback Forty Years
January 12, 1977
In Search of Noah’s Ark:
See it on the giant screen!
Special! 50 cents off price of admission when you present this ad at the box office.

 
 
 
7 Comments
Bob Endres
1/12/2017 11:06:17 am

The original CinemaScope "Miracle Mirror" screens specified in the Fox handbook had a surface that did indeed have "gain". (Think of a white sheet of paper as having no "gain" and reflecting the light equally in all directions. A mirror could be thought of as having 100% gain but only on axis with the light source - you couldn't see a movie projected on a mirror unless you were standing at the projector and then the image would be intolerably bright.) Unfortunately while a high gain screen does increase the light on axis it can create a hot spot effect. To counter that the Scope screens were curved to the radius of the throw to spread the light out move evenly horizontally. They also had small cups embossed in the surface to spread the light more evenly vertically. If the theatre had a steep projection throw the cups could be embossed at a slight angle to tilt the light up to cover more of the house as otherwise it would be brightest in the front rows. In addition, some of the screens were also tilted back 5 degrees or so to bring more of the light up toward the balcony. I started as a projectionist in a house that had a 23 degree downward angle(steeper than the angle at the St. George) so it took both the embossed cups and a tilt to cover the center of the orchestra and the main part of the balcony. A lot of engineering went into those supposedly "simple" picture sheets.

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vh
1/13/2017 09:59:48 am

Thanks Bob! I always learn from what you have to say about projection, a difficult craft, of which you are a master, while I'm simply someone who learned about movie palaces while trying to run one.

For anyone who happens by this comments column, Bob Endres, for many years the chief projectionist at Radio City Music Hall, is also a personal friend, who worked, sometimes on a volunteer basis, at the St. George in 1976, when we were there. He knows what he's talking about. See "Cinema Paradiso is his Favorite Movie "(May, 2015), an earlier blog post).

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Peter
3/31/2017 02:01:45 pm

Victoria: maybe you can help me answer a question. From behind the screen of a movie palace, to what extent might one also see the film image in reverse? I'm particularly interested in the pre-sound era, which I know predates you, but hoping you or a reader may know!

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v.h.
3/31/2017 09:58:55 pm

This question is interesting, but beyond my depth. I'm going to put this to my friend, Bob Endres (see previous comment) and will get back to you...

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vh
4/3/2017 01:44:08 pm

Peter: in answer to your question, here's Bob Endres' reply in full. I have dedicated this week's blog post (4/5/17) to your interesting question. Thanks for it!

Bob says, " In answer to your reader’s question about seeing the image in reverse from behind the screen: It depends on the screen material. If in the silent days the screen was basically a bedsheet, the image in reverse from behind would be quite visible. However as the technology progressed the screen could be a silver painted wall or material with a silver coating thus the term “silver screen”. The reason being that the carbon arc lamps weren’t really very bright in the early days and by having a highly reflective surface the image would appear brighter. The disadvantage to “high gain” silver screens was that the light was reflected back at the projector so if you were off to the side the screen would display a “hot spot”. Since Nickelodeons were in many cases long narrow storefronts converted to cinema use, the silver screen worked pretty well viewed from the front but probably didn’t transmit that much light through the “Picture sheet” itself.. As the industry evolved at least some of the screens were translucent enough so you could see an image from the back. Several mega pictures carried an orchestra and even had a crew behind the screen to create sound effects for the show (I think one of those was “Birth Of A Nation”). To do that the performers had to be able to see the image from in back of the screen.

As sound came in a lot of times the view of the screen from the back would be blocked by a black traveler closed behind the speaker cabinet to prevent stage “back wall slap” from echoing the sound coming from the front of the cabinet. At Radio City the whole rear of the screen was masked with a heavy plastic material and the center channel speaker was also covered so that the crew could work on stage while the movie was showing without having light and noise leak through the screen. When stereo pictures were played, flaps on the back of the screen were opened to permit sound from the side channels to come through the screen. At that point the first blacks were closed behind the speakers much as they would be in many other theatres.

Today screens are made of sophisticated materials applied to a plastic like backing thus any image seen from the back would probably be very slight. The exception are screens designed specifically to have the image seen from the reverse side and which use rear projection. The Trans-Lux newsreel theatres featured rear projection and even had the soundheads converted to pick sound up from the track of a reversed print. Other theatres such as the Brattle in Boston had their projectors shooting into mirrors and then onto the screen. Theatre 80 St. Marks in Manhattan used rear projection 16mm during its existence. In those cases the audience views what would ordinarily be backstage in a front projection house.

There was a television drama called “Rockette” revolving around a girl who becomes a Rockette at the Hall. At one point she’s seen behind the screen reading a letter from her boyfriend who is overseas during W.W. II. You can see the image on the screen in the background, but that’s an effect for the show and not the actual view of the screen from behind." For those who don't know, Bob Endres is my projection guru, a man of great talents and knowledge, for many years the head projectionist at Radio City Music Hall in New York. A tip of the hat to Bob, once again.

Peter
4/4/2017 12:10:05 pm

Thanks! Fascinating...I had heard of the origins of "silver screen" but am having trouble pinpointing when that technology came into use. To get ultra specific, I'm interested in a theater like this one, circa 1914: http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/4052 Based on Bob's thorough response (thank you, Bob!), I suspect some variation of the "silver screen" would have been in practice in a theater of that size, by necessity, but then again, I'm thinking that I might plausibly take creative license in what I'm writing all the same. Given general knowledge on the topic, that was always an option, but wanted to get a sense of how bad a lie I might be telling if I depicted at least a hazy reverse image from behind.

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vh
4/4/2017 08:07:31 pm

My favorite kind of license is a creative license! Haven't checked out cinema treasures 4052 yet, but will... Watch for your question and Bob's answer as the heart of a new blog post tomorrow!

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    Victoria Hallerman

    Author

    Victoria Hallerman is a poet and writer, the author of the upcoming memoir, Starts Wednesday: A Day in the Life of a Movie Palace, based on her experience as a movie palace manager of the St. George Theatre, Staten Island, 1976. As she prepares her book manuscript for publication, she shares early aspects of theater management, including the pleasures and pain of entrepreneurship. This blog is for anyone who enjoys old movie theaters, especially for those who love the palaces as they once were. And a salute to those passionate activists who continue to save and revive the old houses, including the St. George Theatre itself. This blog is updated every Wednesday, the day film always arrived to start the movie theater week.

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